HEALTH: Drugs and Alcohol

BARBITURATES

·         Barbiturates – depressants and sedatives

·         Depressants – drugs that reduce or slow down the activity of the nervous system

·         Sedatives – hypnotic drugs that induces sleep

ALCOHOL

·         Fermented berry juice – first fruit wine

·         Ethyl Alcohol – pure in form and has little odor

·         Methyl Alcohol – made from wood and used in making perfumes

·         Rubbing Alcohol – for medical use

·         Wine – fermentation of fruits

·         Beer – fermentation and brewing of grains

·         Social Drinking – drinking occasionally with others in relaxed, pleasant circumstances

·         Problem drinking – when drinking becomes an individual’s routine in coping with stress

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE ABSORPTION

·         Strength of beverage

·         Number of drinks consumed

·         Speed of consumption

·         Presence of food

·         Body chemistry

·         Gender

1.       Women have more body fat

2.       Women have less water

3.       Alcohol is more quickly absorbed during premenstrual phase

CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOL DRINKERS

1.       Abstainers – do not drink/less often than once a year

2.       Infrequent Drinkers – once a month, small amts

3.       Light Drinkers – once a month, medium amts

4.       Moderate-Heavy Drinkers – at least once a week, medium amts

Heavy 

ARTS: Expressionism

EXPRESSIONISM

·         Fauves – wild beasts

·         Fauvism – artists use intense, often wild color

·         Henri Matisse – former law student

-          Leader of Fauvism

EXPRESSIONISM

·         Germany

·         Expressionism – emphasized the expression of innermost feelings

·         Ernst Ludwig Kirchner – Berlin Street

·         Kathe Kollwitz – painted in black and white

-          Painted the horrors of war

CUBISM

·         Cubism – objects and the space around them are broken up into different shapes and then put back together in new relationships

·         Pablo Picasso

·         Liubov Popova – inspired by a visit to Birsk

·         Jacques Lipchitz – cubist sculptor

NON-OBJECTIVE ART

·         Non-objective Art – artworks in which there is no recognizable subject matter

·         Wassily Kandinsky – leader

ARTS: Impressionism

IMPRESSIONISM

·         Salon – France’s official art exhibition

-          Held annually in Paris

·         Impression: Sunrise

·         Impressionism – attempts to capture the rapidly changing effect of sunlight on objects

·         Claude Monet

·         Pierre Auguste Renoir – paralyzed

·         Berthe Morisot – family members

-          Painted her daughter (Julie) and her niece (Jeannie)

·         Auguste Rondin – created sculptures

-          Started drawing when he was 10

-          14 y/o, he studied at Petite Ecole

-          Tried to gain admission at Ecole des Beaux-Arts and failed thrice

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

·         Post – Impressionism – various trends in painting that followed Impressionism

·         Paul Cezanne – revealed how color patches carefully angled in different directions mimicked solid forms

·         Vincent Van Gogh – twisted lines and forms, intense colors, and rich textures to express deep emotions

-          Suffered from mental illness

-          Drew the Cypress Trees

·         Paul Gauguin – successful banker in Paris

-          Felt that artists should be free to use color

-          More decorative than realistic

-          Composition and content

-          Tahitian Landscape

ARTS: Neoclassic and Romantic Art

NEOCLASSIC AND ROMANTIC ART

NEOCLASSIC AND ROMANTIC ART

·         French Revolution

·         Napoleon Bonaparte

NEOCLASSIC ART

·         Style that borrowed features from the works of Ancient Greek and Roman artists

·         Jacques-Louis David – painter of the revolution

ROMANTIC ART

·         Romanticisim – focused on dramatic and exotic subjects

FRANCE

·         Eugene Delacroix – Moroccan Horseman Crossing

-          Leader of the Romantic school

ARTS: Baroque Art

BAROQUE ART

BAROQUE PAINTING

·         Peter Paul Rubins – Life of Marie de Medicis

·         Nicolas Poussin – Triumph of Neptune and Amphitrite

·         Rembrandt Hernandez – The Prodigal Son

·         Diego Velazquez – noblest and most commanding man among the artists of his country

-          Painter’s painter

-          Taught Bartolome Murillo

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

·         Gian Lorenzo Bernini – St. Peter’s Basilica

·         Francesco Borromini – Church of St. Agnese

·         Guarino Guarini – Church of San Lorenzo

·         Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach
Balthasar Neumann – designed churches

·         Churriqueresque – elaborate Spanish baroque style (Alberto, Joaquin, Jose Churriquera)

·         Versailles – greatest Franch Baroque Building

-          Louis Le Vau & Jules Hardon Mansart

·         Sir John Vanbrugh – Blenheim Palace (most extravagant English Baroque palace)

·         Sir Christopher Wren – St. Paul’s Cathedral

ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE – final phase of baroque style
- light and delicate
- more elaborate decorations

·         Dominikus Zimmermann – Die Wies Church

PALLADIAN REVIVAL

·         Andrea Palladio – Renaissance Architect

·         Most important in England

·         Colen Campbell – introduced the style

·         Lord Burlington – leader of the movement

·         William Kent – Chiswick House (first great Palladian Revival Building)

NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

·         Inspired by Pompeii and Heculaneum cities

·         Sir William Chambers – Somerset House

·         Robert Adam – interior designer and furniture designer (Osterley Park House)

·         Pietro Bianchi – Church of San Francesco di Paola

·         Jacques Soufflot – Pantheon (church named after Sainte Genevieve)

·         Federal Style

·         Benjamin Latrobe – designs in Washington

·         Charles Bulfinch – statehouses of Maine and Massachusetts

BAROQUE SCULPTURE

·         The Ecstasy of St. Teresa (Bernini)

MUSIC: Music of Latin America

MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA

THE CHARACTERISTICS

·         Latin beat – accented beat

·         Habanera – most stately of L. America Rhythm

-          Originated from Cuba

·         Gato – Argentina’s Latin Beat

-          Guitar and rapid footwork

·         Samba and Bassa Nova – Brazil’s Latin Beat

-          Gently swaying beat

LATIN AMERICA MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

·         Percussion – most interesting

-          Bongos

-          Conga Drum

-          Maraccas

-          Caloaca

-          Guiro

-          Claves

·         Stringed

-          Cuatro

-          Tiple

-          Tres

-          Charango

·         Woodwind

-          Antaras (Panpies)

-          Zamponas (Carinas)

MUSIC: Music of Africa

MUSIC OF AFRICA

THE CHARACTERISTICS

·         Work, game, dance

·         Functional and communal

·         Group performances

·         Steady tempo

·         Ostinato – repetition of rhythms

·         Syncopation and polyrhythm

·         Yodelling – vocal technique

·         Syllabic

·         Drum – associated with man

·         Coupled with poetry or dance

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED

·         Spanish and Portuguese music

·         Calypso – influenced by African work song

·         Musical Forms

-          Cuban rumba

-          Caribbean Merengue

-          Calypso

-          American Soul and Jazz

-          Reggae

·         Indonesia – origin

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

·         Drum – king of African Musical Instruments

-          Djembe Drum

-          Goat Skin Stool Drum

-          Djun Djun Drum

-          Madinga Drum

-          Bowl Drum

-          Talking Drum

·         Kum Ba Yah – traditional song from South Africa

ROBOTICS: Wheels and Gears

Wheels and Gears

Gears are generally used for one of the ff. Reasons

1.       Transmit torque from one axle to another

2.       To increase/decrease speed of rotation

3.       To reverse the direction of rotation

4.       To move rotational motion to a different axis

5.       To change rotary motion to linear motion

6.       To keep the rotation of 2 axles synchronized

Types of Gear

1.       External vs Internal

2.       Spur

3.       Helical

4.       Double Helical

5.       Bevel

6.       Crown

7.       Hypoid

8.       Worm

9.       Rack and Pinion

10.   Cam

11.   Chains and belts

12.   Ratchet

TYPES

1.       A. Internal Gear

- opposite of external Gear

- the teeth point towards the center

- addendum and dededdum take reverse positions

- provide a compact parallel shaft transmission drive with large speed reduction

- eliminates the use of an idler gear

B. External Gear

- the teeth are formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or cone

2.       Spur Gear

-          “straight-cut” gears

-          Simplest and most common type

-          Whine at high speed

-          Cannot take as much torque

-          For low speed applications

3.       Helical Gears

-          Offer refinement over spur gears

-          The leading edges of the teeth are set as an angle

-           Very similar to spur gears except teeth are not perpendicular to the face

-          Can be used on non-parallel shafts to transmit motion

-          Run quieter and smoother

4.       Double Helical Gears

-          “Herringbone gears”

-          Resemble 2 helical gears that have been placed side by side

-          Help to avoid issues related to side thrust created with the use of helical gears

5.       Bevel Gears/Miter Gears

-          Axes of the 2 shafts intersect

-          Tooth bearing faces of gears are conically shaped

-          Most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart

-          The pitch surface is a cone

6.       Crown Gear

-          “contrate gear”

-          Teeth project  at right angles to the plane of the wheel

-          Teeth resemble the points of the crown

-          Can mesh accurately with a bevel gear

-          Can mesh sometimes with a spur gear

7.       Hypoid Gear

-          Similar in general form to bevel gears

-          Operate on non-intersecting axes

-          Have spiral teeth that are curved & oblique

-          Axes may be at right angles or otherwise

8.       Worm Gears

-          Used to transmit power at 90 degrees

-          High reductions are required

-          Resembles a thread that rides in concaved or helical teeth

9.       Rack and Pinion

-          Rack – straight gear that transmits power and motion in a linear movement

-          Pinion – single gear that meshes with a sliding toothed rack

-          Converts rotary motion to back and forth

10.   Cam

-          Gear not centered on the shaft

-          Used where discontinuous action is required

-          Wheel with shaped bumps on it

-          Connected to rods, levers, or springs

-          Increases horsepower and torque

-          Ideal for heavily modified engines

11.   Chains and Belts

-          Connect two separated wheels so that one turns, the other will turn in the same direction

-          “timing belt”

-          Part of an internal combustion engine

12.   Ratchet

-          Allows a wheel to turn in only one direction

-          Has specially shaped teeth

-          Pawl – bar on a pivot; fixed above the ratchet wheel. Slides over the ratchet in one direction, but blocks the motion of the teeth.

MUSIC: Music of Thailand

Music of Thailand

Lesson 1: Fundamental Music of Thailand

·         Sukhothai – capital of the new Thai Kingdom from about 1250 to 1350

·         Ayutthaya – city farther to the South

-          Remained the capital for over a hundred years, during which time there was intermittent warfare between the Thais and the Burmese of northwest

-          Was destroyed by the Burmese in 1767

·         Yodaya – group of Burmese songs

·         Phama – Thai word for Burma

-          prefix of titles of several Thai compositions

·         Thai Music is amalgamation of the music of the Thais, the people of Southern China, Burma, Khmer, Indian and Javanese elements

Tonal System of Thai Music

·         Similar to the pentatonic scale of china

·         Composed of seven tones but the fourth and seventh tones are usually omitted

·         Thai music never uses all seven pitches with equal emphasis

·         In Thai Music, 5 of the 7 pitches are selected and are used as the basis of a composition

Polyphonic Stratification

·         Polyphonic Stratification – one main melody is played simultaneously with a number of versions and variants itself

·         Polyphonic – term used to describe many lines of music sounding simultaneously

·         Stratification – refers to layers of simultaneous melodies, which are interrelated but are not independent

·         Harmonic Music – organized vertically, clusters of interrelated pitches forming chords follow a systematic movement from one to another

·         Variation of melody is either fast or slow

·         Thai traditional music is always in duple meter.

Lesson 2: Thai Musical Instruments

Most of the instruments used in Thai music can be traced from four sources:

1.       Brought by Thai from China (mostly stringed)

2.       Those adopted and adapted from Khmer (mainly melodic percussion type)

3.       Other foreign sources

4.       Those from Thai themselves

Thai music may be conveniently discussed also under four main headings:

1.       Melodic percussion

2.       String

3.       Wind

4.       Rhythmic percussion

Three Types of Thai Musical Ensembles

A.      The Pi-phat Ensemble

The principal musical ensemble. Played in ceremonial functions

1.       Ching

-          Percussion instrument

-          Pair of cymbals made of thick metal

2.       Pinai

-          Made of hardwoods and marble

-          Has 4 small reeds, round pieces of Palmyra palm leaves placed in two double layers and tied to a small tube made of brass, silver, or metal

-          Used with the ensemble accompanying the shadow plays

3.       Ranat Thong Thum

-          Consists of 16 gongs arranged in a circular frame

4.       Ranat Ek

-          Wooden xylophone with 21 keys of a special type of hardwood connected to each other by cords at each of its nodes

-          Shaped like a Thai river boat curved upwards

5.       Khong Wong Lek

-          Small circle of gongs

6.       Taphone

-          Barrel-shaped drum made of a solid block of teakwood or jackwood

B.      Mahori Ensemble

Consists of melodic and rhythmic percussion instruments, the flute and strings, and frequently described as the combination of Khruang Sai and Pi-phat ensembles

1.       Chakee

2.       Thom

3.       Sao-duang

4.       Sao-saam-saay

5.       Ranat Thum

C.      Khruang Sai Ensemble

Infrequently heard today in Thailand. Consists only of stringed instruments, the flute and rhythmic percussion. May be of 3 sizes: small, medium, large.

1.       Chakee

2.       Ramana